The future of mankind by bertrand russell text. Critical Analysis 2022-12-23
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Icarus, or The Future of Science, by Bertrand Russell—A Project Gutenberg eBook
But before tackling this question, let us pause for a moment to ask ourselves what is the measure of the intensity of organization in a given community. Prime Ministers, Bishops, and others whom the State considers desirable might become the fathers of half the next generation. It is safe to assume that cutthroat competition will not produce a feeling of good fellowship between the competitors. In order to be happy we require all kinds of supports to our self-esteem. But Russell also advocates that the freedom must be limited by the law so that the freedom should have its value.
Extreme hopes are born of extreme misery, and in such a world hopes could only be irrational. I remember once going to a place where they kept a number of pedigree bulls, and what made a bull illustrious was the milk-giving qualities of his female ancestors. A world empire of either the U. Political controversies, as Mr. Otherwise, they would prefer to win titles and fortunes by injecting military ferocity into recruits. In general, the British were more to blame in this than the Americans, but there were exceptions.
Given a nation divided into two nearly equal portions which hate each other and long to fly at each other's throats, that portion which is just less than half will not submit tamely to the domination of the other portion, nor will the portion which is just more than half show, in the moment of victory, the kind of moderation which might heal the breach. Perhaps the killing of foreigners has sometimes been necessary in the interest of the human race in general, but when it has been justified it has been a kind of police work, and often only the expression of national arrogance and rapacity. For my part, I see no evidence of this. What applied in politics applied also in business: an organization controlled from 25 the centre had to be very loosely knit, and to allow much autonomy to subordinates. The Mongols caused irreparable damage in Persia, and the Turks did the same in the empire of the caliphs. Wherever expensive fixed capital is required, organization on a large scale is of course necessary.
Bertrand Russell, Ideas that Have Harmed Mankind (1946)
We are Easterners, and therefore the West is wild and woolly; or Westerners, and therefore the East is effete. Jan 1915 Russell on just war theory and an early expression of his moral subjectivism. Even economics has not so far had much effect. Later he was awarded a Noble Prize for his contribution towards peace. On the other hand, if the danger of war were removed, scientific technique could at last be used to promote human happiness. The latter method, which is that favoured by opponents of birth-control, has been adopted on a large scale since 1914; it is however somewhat wasteful. His pacifism distinguished him from the nationalist thinkers who felt that exceptionalism should guide thought and action.
On the other hand, Russia idolizes a specific agenda through narrowing the science, art and literature. With the growth of foreign industrialism, a new epoch began. All the military power, of these countries, and weapons should be united and then they should declare war on the nation. We work with our brains, and therefore it is the educated classes that are important; or we work with our hands, and therefore manual labour alone gives dignity. The cow, if it were a metaphysician, would argue: 'Everything in my own desires and hopes and fears has reference to myself; hence by induction I conclude that everything in the universe has reference to myself. Russell says that the U. Few men will run this risk unless they are supported by a theory, for it is only theory that makes men completely incautious.
Critically analyze Bertrand Russell's, "The Future of Mankind."
The pleasures of the mind were considered to be superior to those of the body, and a high place among the pleasures of the mind was assigned to the contemplation of the eternal tortures to which the pagans and heretics would hereafter be subjected. This is the psychological root of economic nationalism, and war, and man-made starvation, and all the other evils which will bring our civilization to a disastrous and disgraceful end unless men can be induced to take a wider and less hysterical view of their mutual relations. The intellectual thing I should want to say is this: When you are studying any matter, or considering any philosophy, ask yourself only what are the facts and what is the truth that the facts bear out. There was Biblical warrant for the belief, since the Bible says: 'Thou shalt not suffer a witch to live. But both are aware of this fact of great danger so they have decided not to create an infernal planet.
That is why science threatens to cause the destruction of our civilization. There was 1,291,425 known deaths in this war. Russell suggests mankind to avoid the first two possibilities and to focus on the third one for the globalization of peace. So Russell is partially a prophet. When I speak of "constructive vision," I do not mean merely the theoretical realization that a world government is desirable.
If war no longer occupied men's thoughts and energies, we could, within a generation, put an end to all serious poverty throughout the world. This is a great help in persuading people that wars are righteous. At the present time, moral defects stand in the way of clear thinking, and muddled thinking encourages moral defects. But where human beings are concerned, it is considered the only proper course, and works advocating 47 any other are confiscated by the police if they are intelligible to those whom they concern. Already advertisers in America employ eminent psychologists to instruct them in the technique of producing irrational belief; such men may, when they have grown more proficient, be very useful in persuading the democracy that governments are wise and good.
Write a complete summary Of Bertrand Russell's essay "The Future Of Mankind."
The directors of a railway company, for instance, are to all intents and purposes uncontrolled by the shareholders, who have no adequate means of organizing an opposition if they should wish to do so. Russell's writing in the speech puts him in a uniquely different position amongst other philosophers. The men who will administer this system will have a power beyond the dreams of the Jesuits, but there is no reason to suppose that they will have more sense than the men who control education to-day. If, when that time comes, two rival groups contend for mastery, the victor may be able to introduce that single world-wide 41 organization that is needed to prevent the mutual extermination of civilized nations. If men were rational in their conduct, that is to say, if they acted in the way most likely to bring about the ends that they deliberately desire, intelligence would be enough to make the world almost a paradise.
Russell's View on World Government in his Essay The Future of Mankind
Another matter which needs to be treated quantitatively is the degree of democracy, oligarchy, or monarchy in an organization. But probably, in time, opposition to the government will be taken to prove imbecility, so that rebels of all kinds will be sterilized. The wars of the eighteenth century decided that England was to be richer than France. No doubt you will reply that such knowledge is only good in the hands of those who have enough wisdom to put it to good use. I do not pretend to know which of these will happen, or even which is the most likely.
